Sex Trafficking And The United States - 1672 Words

Oftentimes when people hear the term human sex trafficking, they think of heinous acts that take place in other countries where adults, children, girls and boys are exploited to perform sexual acts in exchange for money or goods against their will. They think it typically occurs in places that are less developed than the United States. However, the reality of this horrific crime is that it is taking place in the United States, and it occurs more and more each and every day. Young girls are not solely the victim of human sex trafficking, young boys are victims of this monstrous act as well. Individuals residing in the United States need to be made more aware of this issue as it has started to rise through social media, large events, and by those in other countries being promised work here. After researching, it is apparent that there is a great deal of information that is lacking, on sex trafficking in the United States. Not only is sex trafficking an issue, but the lack of awar eness about sex trafficking is also an issue. This thesis proposes that human sex trafficking is an unacknowledged epidemic within the United States, and it seeks to discover why it has become so prevalent. Introduction When people think of slavery they think of what took place in America 150 years ago when Africans were sold against their will, beaten, and forced into labor. Slavery is reflected on as a thing of the past, but the sad reality is that in the United States alone, there areShow MoreRelatedSex Trafficking And The United States1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there were 4.5 million victims trapped in forced sexual exploitation, or sex trafficking, globally. Most would believe that this is a problem that does not occur in the United States, but they would be wrong. In 2007 alone, 14,588 sex trafficking cases were reported in the United States and the problem is only getting worse. This research paper will discuss multiple topics such as the definition of sex trafficking, recruitment and those at risk, where it occurs, organizations, consequences,Read MoreSex Trafficking And The United States1158 Words   |  5 Pagesprominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Comi ng from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking is one of the major hubs in the United States. Houston’s main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or cause a minor to commit a commercial sex act. A commercial sex act is a list of things known as prostitutionRead MoreSex Trafficking Within The United States1355 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 14,500 and 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United States annually, and often, the average age of entry is thirteen to fourteen years old (Hodge, 2008). One victim recalls that her pimp, a man who controls sex workers and keeps the earnings, would take her and two other girls from the ninth grade out of school during lunchtime, have them do calls, and bring them back. She explains, â€Å"He knew how to read each girl—this one likes to par ty, that one needs a job, this one wants drugs.† ByRead MoreSex Trafficking Throughout The United States2098 Words   |  9 PagesSex Trafficking Introduction: When looking for topics to research I wanted to do something that was a prominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Coming from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking has the 2nd largest home in Houston. The main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or causeRead MoreDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States1300 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States Human sex trafficking and its sister category, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking also referred to as DMST, (Kotrla,K. 2010) is the most common form of modern day slavery. In the United States there are an estimated 293,000 youth who fall under high risk factor or DMST (Walker-Rodriguez, A. Hill, R. 2011). Many men prey on the at risk youth to make a fortune for themselves. DMST exposes the youth to a life filled with violence, abuse that is bothRead MoreEssay on The New Slave: Sex Trafficking in America910 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Slaves: Sex Trafficking in America When most Americans hear the term ‘sex trafficking’ thoughts of helpless women and children in poor, developing, countries come to mind. However, most Americans would be downright shocked and dismayed to learn that many victims of sex trafficking reside right here in the United States. Moreover, many of the victims of sex trafficking in America were victimized by other Americans. This is a pressing national issue to which neither small, rural towns or largeRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreVictims of Trafficking Protection Act Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfeature to the VTVPA is that the United States will penalize countries if they do not comply with the VTVPA (Holman, 2009). This is an imperative feature and I think that it should be implemented throughout every single piece of legislation that deals with trafficking. Countries should be held accountable if they do not comply. The only way that sex trafficking can be officially over is if every single country complies with all the legislation. The United States looks at six different factors whenRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another perso n to have sex against their will. (Sex Trafficking in the U.S, 1)

Censorship Freedom Of The Press - 1746 Words

The press represents the voice of many individuals in the world. Censoring the press would signify the suppression of billions of voices that strive to be heard. Many definitions of press freedom have been provided by different scholars in many different scholarly sources. Dennis and Merrill (1991, p.5) defined freedom of the press as the right to communicate ideas, opinions, and information through the printed world without government restraint. On the other part, Sunwoo Nam and Inhwan Oh (1973, p.74), described freedom of the press as the freedom of the media to engage in the adversary role, being a vigilant and independent watchdog of the government, free to criticize the policies and personnel of the power elite without fear of†¦show more content†¦However, even a dictatorship does not have the power to completely minimize the role of the press. The press is used for the reflection of the dictator’s ideas and rules. Cuba and North Korea are known by many for their irrational restrictions on the press and freedom of expression. However, their approaches used in censorship are rather different with one being more or less severe. The press in North Korea is among the most suppressed worldwide. The news given to the media to broadcast comes from the official Korean News Agency. The government fully controls the content of North Korea’s newspapers, periodicals, and radio stations. â€Å"Korean Central Television is the state-run TV channel seen by North Koreans. The network carries news programs, documentaries, and other programs praising Kim Jong-il and his father Kim Il-sung. It also reports on authoritative statements from the North Korean government, party and military. In addition, it carries revolutionary dramas, operas and other entertainment programs† (North Korea s tightly controlled media). The information that reaches the public is completely monitored by the country’s leadership. The Internet is highly suppressed, it confines individuals to censored networks that have no connection to a world outside of North Korea. Even though it is unknown how many individuals have access to the Internet, the number is expected to be small given that â€Å"the country has only

The 2007 to 2011 Financial Crisis Causes, Effects and Lessons Free Essays

Abstract This paper provides a brief examination of the immediate causes and effects of the 2007 financial crisis, as well as an overview of lessons learned from it. I conclude that failure to properly regulate and supervise financial institutions set the stage for the crisis, while the US residential mortgage boom and bust triggered it. A credit freeze, bankruptcies, and hundreds of billions in government rescue ensued, resulting in a general economic downturn. We will write a custom essay sample on The 2007 to 2011 Financial Crisis Causes, Effects and Lessons or any similar topic only for you Order Now The legacy of the crisis should be seen as an opportunity to revise the financial system as a whole. Introduction The financial crisis that started in 2007 is the result of complex, interconnected, and simultaneous developments[1]. As such, I focus my analysis on the United States[2] and two distinct direct causes: (1) erroneous bank regulation – which destabilized the financial system – and (2) the pre-crisis real estate boom and bust. Whereas the former conditioned the crisis, the latter was its catalyst. In this brief essay, I discuss only the most important and immediate effects of the crisis – those that emerged between 2007 and 2012 – and discuss the conclusions that can be drawn accordingly. 1. Regulation destabilized the financial system Regulation of US banks by the Fed, SEC, and FDIC,[3] as well as other regulatory agencies, contributed significantly to the erosion of financial system stability (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012, p.86). For example, in 1996, the Fed legitimized the use of Credit Default Swaps (CDS) as risk-hedging instruments (Levine 2010, p. 202, Appendix 1) and as a result many banks developed massive exposures (Figure 1) – AIG held over $500 billion in 2007 – while others were able to reduce their capital reserves by up to half in percentage terms (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012, p.92). Figure 1: CDS market volume Q1 2001 to Q2 2007, trillion US$ (International Securities and Derivatives Association cited in Baily, Litan and Johnson, 2008) Another example is the SEC’s use of the â€Å"NRSRO† designation,[4] which led to a serious misalignment of credit rating agencies’ business incentives and resulted in inflationary provisions of investment-grade ratings for risky securities. This further deteriorated the viability of banks’ balance sheets (see Appendix 2). 1.1 Residential mortgage boom and bust Simultaneously, the US residential real estate bubble (inspired by the assumption that housing prices would only go up) fueled excessive issuance of home mortgages (Figure 2). In turn, unsound lending practices, especially in sub-prime mortgage lending, bolstered housing prices by pushing demand, while filling institutions’ balance sheets with unrecognized risk (Barth 2009, p.92). The attractiveness of mortgages as â€Å"fail-safe† investments prompted many banks to shift their business model from â€Å"originate-to-hold† to â€Å"originate-to-sell†; instead of buying mortgages as an investment that generated a steady cash flow, banks securitized and sold them (Barth 2009, p.22). This effectively removed any incentive to analyze and control risk. However, this â€Å"out-of-sight-out-of-mind† mentality did not account for the fact that banks that securitized mortgages and invested in mortgage-backed securities (MBS) were often identical. Thus, risk w as absent from balance sheets, but implicitly present in securities holdings (Appendix 3). Figure 2: SP-Shiller housing prices index (monthly), January 2001 to August 2012 (Standard Poor’s Financial Services LLC, 2012) The convoluted system of securitization faltered when housing prices started to decline and mortgage borrowers defaulted (Figure 3). This dried up the cash flow of mortgage-backed securities and made them virtually worthless; banks that relied on them to meet their obligations encountered trouble. Moreover, complex securitization practices made the extent of any one institution’s exposure anyone’s guess. Since, no one could be certain which banks would live to see another day, interbank lending froze. In short, not only did financial institutions possess worthless assets, but they were also unable to bridge shortages in cash (Figure 4).[5] In addition, mass defaults activated billions of dollars in CDS obligations and bankrupted all who were over-exposed. Figure 3: Increase of delinquency rates (percent) of subprime loans between 2003 and 2007 (Arentsen, Mauer, Rosenlund, Zhang and Zhao, 2012, p.39) Figure 4: Increase of the Federal Funds rate (percent, monthly) indicates interbank lending crisis (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2012) 2. Financial collapse and economic downturn The immediate effects of the crisis are well known. Banks previously considered untouchable filed for bankruptcy (e.g. Lehmann Brothers), while others were acquired (Merrill Lynch by Bank of America), bailed-out, or taken over by the government (AIG and the GSEs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). Soon, the credit freeze affected the remaining economy as financing investments and borrowing became increasingly difficult. For example, between 2007 and 2009, approximately 8.8 million American jobs disappeared, U.S. GDP fell by more than five percent from its pre-recession peak (Treasury 2012), and the SP 500 lost about 57 percent of its value (Lleo and Ziemba, 2011). Perhaps most famously, without governmental assistance, American automobile manufacturers GM and Chrysler would have become insolvent (Stewart 2012). Yet another legacy cost is the enormous government debt that resulted from rescues and other economic resuscitation programs (Barth 2009). The crisis spread internationally (and most damagingly to Europe) because substantial loan derivatives were sold abroad. This does not imply that the U.S. is to blame for the crisis; every government had access to the same information as Fed, SEC, and FDIC, yet nearly all failed to recognize and address the systemic problem (Cox, Faucette and Lickstein, 2010). 4. Lessons Mostly importantly, the crisis exposed the colossal failure of bank regulators,[6] and prompted a fundamental restructuring of banking regulation (such as the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act). In addition, the excessive complexity and behemoth size of the financial system have come under intense scrutiny. An important question has emerged from this examination, which asks, considering TARP[7], are some financial institutions â€Å"too big to fail?† (Greeley 2012). Moreover, the crisis has spawned a reexamination of the desirability of â€Å"laissez-faire† within the financial markets – that is, to what degree can market forces be relied upon to avert crises (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012, p.90)? Conclusion The financial crisis that began in 2007 still troubles us today. While some financial institutions have collapsed, those that remain have had to fundamentally rethink their role as credit providers. Governments were left with tremendous financial commitments, tasked with deconstructing the moral hazard of bank bailouts, and with regulating and supervising the financial system more efficiently. History has shown us that financial crises are a cyclical occurrence. Thus the question must be, can the cycle be broken, or is the next crisis waiting in the wings? Bibliography Arentsen, E., Mauer, D.C., Rosenlund, B., Zhang, H.H., Zhao, F., 2012. Subprime Mortgage Defaults and Credit Default Swaps. [pdf] University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business. Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Baily, M.N., Litan, R.E. and Johnson, M.S., 2008. The Origins of the Financial Crisis. [online] Brookings Institution. Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Bank of International Settlement (BIS), 2012. Detailed tables on semiannual OTC derivatives statistics at end-June 2012. [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 November 2012]. Barth J.R., 2009. The Rise and Fall of the U.S. Mortgage and Credit Market. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Barth, J.R., Caprio, G. and Levine, R., 2012. Guardians of Finance, making regulators work for us. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Barth, J.R., Caprio, G. and Levine, R., 2012. Rethinking Bank Regulation, till angels govern. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. Congressional Budget Office, 2012. Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program—October 2012. [pdf]. Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Cox, J., Faucette, J. and Lickstein, C.V., 2010. Why Did the Credit Crisis Spread to Global Markets[pdf] The University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development. Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2012. Effective Federal Funds Rate (FEDFUNDS). [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 November 2012]. Greeley, B., 2012. The Price of Too Big Too Fail. Bloomberg Businessweek, [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 November 2012]. Jickling, M., 2009. Causes of the Financial Crisis. [online] Congressional Research Service. Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Kohn D.L., 2010. The Federal Reserve’s Policy Actions during the Financial Crisis and Lessons for the Future. [online] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Levine, R., 2010. An autopsy of the US ?nancial system: accident, suicide, or negligent homicide, Journal of Financial Economic Policy. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Lleo, S. and Ziemba, W.T., 2011. Stock Market Crashes in 2007-2009: Were We Able to Predict Them[pdf] Available through Social Sciences Research Network website [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Pagliari, S. and Young, K.L., 2012. Leveraged Interests: Financial Industry Power and the Role of Private Sector Coalitions. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Standard Poor’s Financial Services LLC, 2012. SP Dow Jones Indices. [online] Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. Stewart, J.B., 2012. When Debating the Auto Bailout, Consider Lehman’s Fate. The New York Times, [online] 9 March. Available at: [Accessed 25 November 2012]. U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2012. The Financial Crisis Response In Charts [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 26 November 2012]. Appendex Appendix 1 A CDS is a derivative that enables the buyer to claim compensation from the seller if the underlying asset (such as a Mortgage Backed Securities or MBS) defaults. While useful for hedging purposes and as assessment tool for credit risk (a rising CDS premium indicates increasing risk for the underlying asset), it can be misused for speculative investing, as it does not require the buyer (or the seller) to actually hold the underlying asset. Appendix 2 The SEC required every issuer of a new security to acquire a risk rating from a NRSRO in order to enable potential buyers to assess its risk and allow regulators to determine capital requirements (which were based on risk-adjusted assets). Those credit rating agencies privileged enough to have received NRSRO designation (namely the big three, SP, Moody’s, and Fitch) slowly realigned their business models to accommodate issuers’ needs to purchase ratings by incentivizing employees to issue AAA ratings in order to grow the customer base. As a result, 56 percent of MBS issued between 2005 and 2007 and rated by SP were eventually downgraded (Barth 2009, p.156). Appendix 3 A common practice in the precursor to the crisis was to package mortgage loans into asset-backed securities (ABS, most notoriously, collateralized debt obligations or CDOs) and other securities according to tranches. These tranches were associated with different degrees of risk in order to cater to different investors. Oftentimes, ABS were re-packaged into CDOs squared and cubed. The common misconception prevailed that this would reduce risk by spreading it. In the wake of the crisis, with default rates skyrocketing, it became apparent that this system had become too complex for anyone to unravel, thus making any exposure assessment impossib [1] Rapid economic growth in BRIC countries, and the resulting flood of rent-seeking financial assets, mishaps in bank regulation and supervision, immoral business conduct of key-stakeholders, or the general failure to recognize the emergence of a bubble all conditioned each other and shaped the environment that resulted in the most severe meltdown since the Great Depression. [2] Though the financial crisis was markedly a global phenomenon, the United States were at the epicenter in terms of both causes and effects (Jickling 2009). [3] Federal Reserve Bank, Securities Exchange Commission, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, respectively all regulate and supervise different (but sometimes overlapping) aspects of the US banking system (Barth, Caprio and Levine, 2012). [4] NRSRO – Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations. [5] To put the extent of the liquidity crunch into perspective, the Federal Reserve reacted by purchasing approximately US$1.25 trillion worth of securities (including Treasuries) between 2007 and 2010, compared to US$15 billion over the years prior (Kohn, 2010). [6] This is not to put blame solely on government agencies: Regulators and supervisors were heavily influenced by financial services lobbies (Pagliari and Young, 2012). [7] The Troubled Assets Relieve Program (TARP) is a government program that disbursed approximately US$431 billion to save financial institutions and other business from bankruptcy (CBO 2012, p.1). How to cite The 2007 to 2011 Financial Crisis Causes, Effects and Lessons, Essay examples

Applying International Financial Reporting - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Applying International Financial Reporting? Answer: Inttoducation The primary purpose of the report is to place emphasis on the impairment testing of the asset for Fleetwood Corporation Ltd. The report will additionally address the impairment expenses incurred during the period with key important assumptions that is used by Fleetwood corporation in performing the impairment testing. As evident from the current annual report of Fleetwood Corporation Ltd, it is noticed that the firm for the purpose of impairment has tested Goodwill. To carry out the impairment testing Fleetwood Corporation has allocated goodwill for the purpose of impairment in the cash-generating unit that is anticipated to benefit organization from the synergies of the combination. The cash generating unit of Fleetwood Corporation Ltd to which the firm has allocated goodwill for impairment is conducted on annual basis or more constantly when there is an indication that the organization might be impair (fleetwoodcorporation.com.au 2018). If it is noticed that the recoverable value of the cash generating unit is lower than the carrying value, then the impairment loss is allocated to initially to lower the carrying value of the goodwill (Horton 2018). This means that the impairment loss is allocated to the unit and later to the other assets based on the prorate basis to the carrying value of each asset in the unit. During the financial year of 2017, the company recorded the impairment expenditure for the following Intangible assets and goodwill: In the financial year of 2017 the company reported an impairment expenditure stood $10.3 million relating to the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets in the areas of parts and accessories. Impairment expense on Property, Plant and Equipment: In the financial year of 2016-17, Fleetwood Corporation Ltd has reported the impairment expenditure on property plant and equipment for $19,680 (fleetwoodcorporation.com.au 2018). The key assumptions and estimations that is by Fleetwood in carrying out the impairment testing is stated below; In ascertaining whether the goodwill is impaired needs an estimation on the value of the cash generating units to which goodwill is allocated except during the circumstances where the fair value is determined following the subtraction of cost to sell the asset (Hoyle, Schaefer and Doupnik 2015). The value that is used in the computations needs the directors estimations of the future flow of cash that is anticipated to originate from the cash generating unit and the appropriate rate of discount is applied to compute the current value. Under IAS 36 of the Impairment of Assets, it is understood that the asset impairment is the typical standard and requires a subjective interpretation. The subjective interpretation is applicable with respect to the managerial requirements and does not restricts the creative accounting (Huang 2014). As evident from the financial reports of Fleetwood Corporation Ltd, there was the existence of subjectivity at the time of performing the impairment testing of goodwill and non-current assets (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). Subjectivity influence the outcome of the impairment since it is carried out on the discretion of the management in deriving the computable value of the recoverable amount when there is no availability of the current market price. One of the interesting fact that is found regarding the impairment testing is that the amount on which the carrying value of the asset or cash generating unit goes past the recoverable value (Marshall 2016). A better understanding has been gained regarding the organizations assets following the impairment having the market value of the asset listed on the balance sheet of the firm. Interestingly assets such as goodwill and long term assets are generally tested for impairment since the carrying value has long span of time for impairment. Fair value can be defined as the framework that requires significant amount of disclosure associated to the fair value measurement (Macve 2015.). The IASB has used the fair value tool to improve the disclosure for fair value in such a manner that the users would be better able to determine the techniques of valuation and inputs that are put into the use to measure the fair value. According to Hemmer and Labro (2016), it is noticed that several organizations using the US GAAP or IFRS is impacted by the changes in the accounting. Currently, organizations under the US GAAP or IFRS have commitments and leased assets that amounts approximately 3.3 trillion and around 80% of the organizations does not reports the leased assets in the balance sheet since they are treated as operating lease. In order to compensate, the investors usually considers the estimates that are not consistent, incorrect and unparalleled calculations. Hence, it can be stated that previous accounting standards does not provides the appropriate economic reality. Leasing is considered as the most common source of finance for numerous business especially in the shipping and airline industry. In the present accounting standards around 85% of the lease is recorded as the operating lease and it is not incorporated in the balance sheet. Even though it is not recorded in the balance sheet there is no doubt that, the operating lease results in real liabilities (Kabir, Rahman and Su 2017). During the financial crisis a large number of retail chains have been bankrupt because they were not able to adjust quickly in the new reality of the economy. These organizations large value of long term lease commitments with misleading balance sheet. Consequently, this resulted the lease liabilities in the off-balance sheet greater than 66 times than the reportable amount of debt. Hence it can be stated that accounting fails to reflect economic reality. The argument of chairperson bought forward that the present lease accounting lacks the comparability (Gale and Larner 2017). Consequently, the airline company leases numerous airplane, which is different from the competitor and borrows highly to acquire a large number of lease in spite of their obligations associated to finance may appear similar. Therefore, there isnt any level field among these companies. According to the international accounting standard, it is understood that the new standard is regarded as controversial (Visvanathan 2017). The reason behind this is that change is expected to approximately result an effect on most of the listed firms and would not be regarded prevalent. An important consideration about the unpopularity of accounting standard is because of the controversial nature of the standard. The standard might face warnings associated with the opposing financial impact for changes in the accounting system. The reportable value of the profit after tax for the organization might be lowered during the beginning period of lease (Picker et al. 2016). With the incorporation of the new financial standards the financial ratios of the firm might suffer. Furthermore, the gearing ratio is anticipated to suffer more with greater value of debt on the balance sheet. Additionally, for several firms the application of the new accounting standard is considered to be expensive and might need greater amount both internal and external sources. As per the IASB on evaluating the possible risk prudently, it is understood that risk and cost can be administered. According to the IASB the IFRS 16 would lead the leasing industry to be out of the business and lease continuous to remain attractive as the flexible source of fund. According to the IASB it is not likely that the enhanced visibility of lease obligations might lead to noteworthy effect in cost related to lending and debt covenants. There might be cost that are associated with the updating of system for impairment under IFRS 16 (Visvanathan 2017). As per the IASB the standard aims at increasing the transparency associated to liabilities which was not stated earlier in the balance sheet until the users of financial report gains better understanding of the organization. Accordingly, it is understood that the enhance lease visibility would result in noteworthy effect on cost associated with lending and debt covenants. Reference List: Fleetwoodcorporation.com.au. (2018).Fleetwood Corporation Limited - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.fleetwoodcorporation.com.au/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018]. Gale, T.M. and Larner, A.J., 2017. Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT). InCognitive Screening Instruments(pp. 241-253). Springer International Publishing. Hemmer, T. and Labro, E., 2016. Productions and Operations Management Management Accounting. Horton, J., 2018.Advanced Financial Accounting and Reporting: Theory, Practice and Evidence. Routledge. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial Accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T., 2015.Advanced accounting. McGraw Hill. Huang, Z., 2014. Advanced Financial Accounting. Kabir, H., Rahman, A.R. and Su, L., 2017. The Association between Goodwill Impairment Loss and Goodwill Impairment Test-Related Disclosures in Australia. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Marshall, D., 2016.Accounting: What the numbers mean. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Picker, R., Clark, K., Dunn, J., Kolitz, D., Livne, G., Loftus, J. and Van der Tas, L., 2016.Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons. Visvanathan, G., 2017. Intangible assets on the balance sheet and audit fees.International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,14(3), pp.241-250.

The World of Documentaries Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster

Introduction In the movie-making industry, there are a number of powerful works which deserve viewers’ attention and recognition. In spite of the fact that the vast majority of modern people are fond of exiting 3D ideas, the importance of documentary movies is regarded to be noticeable as well. With the help of documentaries, people get an opportunity to learn more about the events which happen around, the ways of people communicate, and strategies they prefer to rely on. â€Å"Documentary film is a form of reporting about the world† (Rollyson 2004, 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The World of Documentaries: Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The list of powerful documentary movies is large indeed, and it is not always easy to pick out the most successful movies for the analysis. In this paper, the attention to two documentary films will be paid: Bigg er, Stronger, Faster by Christopher Bell and Touching the Void by Kevin MacDonald. Though these two works touch upon different aspects of life, Bell discusses the idea of using steroids in everyday life as an outcome of imitation of Schwarzenegger or Stallone, and MacDonald addresses the idea of alpinism as a powerful method to check people’s trust to each other. By means of such documentary techniques likes interviews, exposition, voice-over, or reconstructions, the directors evaluate the conditions under which people have to live, the decisions which people have to make, and actions which need to be taken to save lives. In Bigger, Stronger, Faster and Touching the Void, the main idea of messages is connected to the way of how people prefer to live and make crucial decisions; these movies aim not only at teaching the viewer but also at explaining the reasons of why the discussed themes are worth recognition and attention. Documentaries as an open door to factual effects The peculiar feature of a documentary movie is its purpose. â€Å"It is intended to achieve something in addition to entertaining audiences and making money† (Ellis and McLane 2005, 4). The production of a documentary movie requires much time and specific efforts from different people: a director has to underline as many perspectives to discuss an issue as possible: a producer has to develop proper relations with different people to gain better results in the movie; the actors, as a rule, they are real people with real names and histories, should consider their roles as the ones based on real-life events, so that their emotions and feelings have to correspond to the already established tempo of life. The works created by Christopher Bell and Kevin MacDonald are the successful examples of documentaries where people get a chance to see the obsession of a man to gain something that is usually unnecessary or even harmful and to be punished for inability to control personal demands an d wishes.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reviews of the movies about human weaknesses â€Å"All of you have lied! All of you have said something wrong, all of you have dirt. All of you. When your closet’s clean, then come clean somebody else’s. But clean yours first† (Bell 2008). This is one of the most memorable quotes in the movie Bigger, Stronger, Faster. It is all about human nature and people’s decision to use steroids to improve their lives. This movie discusses human weaknesses before an idea to become better and stronger. People do not want to focus on some morals, ethical aspects of their behaviour, and true attitudes to their roles and functions. In the movie, the authors raise a number of questions concerning why people want to use steroids and how their fail to use consistent steps. It is hard to define true intentions of people. â€Å"Ev erybody tries to be bigger, faster, stronger and what you lose in trying to accomplish that is natural ability† (Wexell 2004, 72). As for the second movie, Touching the Void is more about human weakness to extreme sports and situations when it is possible to check the worth of human life. Capabilities of human body and human mind are hard to evaluate, this is why it is necessary to cast all possible distractions away and concentrate on the things which really matter: life and death. It is difficult to make a decision when it is about human life, however, it is necessary to do something in order to achieve the results and to meet personal demands. In the movie, Simon Yates admits that â€Å"rather than just sit here, feeling sorry for myself or whatever, I’ll get on with it and I’ll die on the way down† (MacDonald 2003). Different outcomes of the same documentary techniques in the movies Nowadays, the directors of documentaries prefer to use different techn iques within one movie in order to underline the most significant moments and make the viewer focus his/her attention on a particular detail. One of the significant differences between the movies Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster is that the director of the former makes use of both, dramatic aspects and documentary techniques. In Touching the Void, much attention is paid to reconstructions. The vast majority of scenes in the movie are based on real events which happen to Joe Simpson and Simon Yates, the two men who made a decision to climb the Peruvian Andes in the shortest period of time. The director makes an attempt to combine the movie with some pieces of interviews with real Joe and Simon who are â€Å"filmed as footage for inclusion in the edited documentary† (Friedmann 2006, 143). With the help of this documentary technique, the movie is regarded as an educative source of information, full of emotions, pain, and respect.Advertising We will write a cus tom essay sample on The World of Documentaries: Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interviews with the main characters introduce a true picture of the events which happen with people climbing the dangerous mountain. On the one hand, the movie characters perform their roles on a high level: they demonstrate appropriate emotions and desire at the beginning of the movie. They have a hope; they have a plan; and they trust each other. They cannot guess what is waiting for them. And real interviews serve as a kind of warning sign for the viewer. In comparison to the movie by MacDonald, the techniques used by Bell in his movie have the other contributions and effects. Interviews with people aim not at demonstrating their emotions and attitude to the issue. These interviews perform the function of informative sources. They do not cause some emotions from the viewer; they just prove the truth that p eople support an idea of steroids’ usage and they believe the chosen methods have appropriate outcomes. To underline the idea of information gathering, the director also makes use of another technique that is voiceover narration when it is possible to hear what a character speak but cannot see him (Yahnke 2009). Another powerful technique, the exposition, is used in both movies as well. However, the effects it may have on the viewer seem to be rather different. The essence of the exposition in documentaries is to introduce the most important aspects of a movie and create the first impression on the viewer. In case with Bigger, Stronger, Faster, the voice behind the camera demonstrate his passion to big men, their unbelievable power, their impact on human life and the American culture. Loud and hard background music, attention to the political perspective, and quotations from the famous events and movies make the viewer realize that this documentary is about the issue is inter esting for many people. The purpose of this documentary technique is perfectly achieved by the director: he attracts attention and proves the urgency of the topic discussed. In Touching the Void, the exposition is introduced in the calmer tone: a young man informs the audience about the story discussed in the movie. â€Å"It was fun†, he admits (MacDonald 2003). The exposition of this movie helps to prepare the viewer for a story that is full of emotions, true human emotions which are based on person’s desire to climb the world. However, as one wrong action takes place, fun disappears and something terrible begins. The events which happen in the story change the lives of two good friends which have to face a number of challenges and to survive.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Themes and messages of the movies The importance of documentary techniques in Bigger, Stronger, Faster and Touching the Void is evident indeed. Someone may think that it is not easy to create a movie about real life and use real people as the main actors. However, the use of techniques makes each movie special and worthwhile. With the help of interviews and clear exposition, MacDonald proves that his movie is a real collection of emotions and feelings which are inherent to everyday life. Conquests which people try to demonstrate may lead to unpredictable outcomes and influence the rest of the life considerably. The themes in the movie Bigger, Stronger, Faster are disclosed by the same techniques, however, the message of the movie varies deeply. People have the right to choose. But still, their choices are not always correct; unfortunately, they cannot understand why something goes wrong. The use of steroids is one of the most controversial topics nowadays, and people are free to use as many supportive arguments as well as opposing ideas. It is necessary to understand how harmful steroids can be for human health, and the movie helps to comprehend the outcomes of drugs’ use. There is no concrete answer whether it is wrong or right; there is a free choice for people to make and rely on personal abilities, demands, and interests. Conclusion The role of documentary movies is significant for our society. Under the masks of numerous tricks, computer technologies, and improved shots, it is hard to define a true nature of the film message. Documentaries like Bigger, Stronger, Faster and Touching the Void prove that it is possible to create amazing movies and not to rely on computer techniques. The variety of documentary techniques helps to introduce magnificent educative stories: expositions prove that the chosen movie is worth attention; interviews, both direct and indirect, explain that everything that is described in the movie happens in real; footage and rec onstructions help to see how the event from the past happened and to understand why the event influence the life. There are no clear instructions on how documentaries should be evaluated by the viewer. However, there is one truth that documentaries help to see and analyze the same life, conditions, and events from another perspective, deeper and more coherent. Bibliography Bell, Christopher. Bigger, Stronger, Faster. Directed by Christopher Bell. Columbus: BSF Film, 2008. Ellis, Jack and McLane, Betsy. 2005. A New History of Documentary Film. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. Friedmann, Anthony. 2006. Writing for Visual Media. Burlington, MA: Focal Press. Rollyson, Carl. 2004. Documentary Film: A Primer. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Touching the Void. Movie. Directed by Kevin MacDonald. London: Darlow Smithson Productions, 2003. Wexell, Jim. 2004. Tales from Behind the Steel Curtain. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing LLC. Yahnke, Robert. 2009. A Primer of Documen tary Film Techniques. Resources for Teaching Film, September. Web. This essay on The World of Documentaries: Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster was written and submitted by user Evie Alexander to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses

Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses After reading the article on Subordination With Adjective Clauses, review the guidelines below and then complete the punctuation exercise that follows. Guidelines for Punctuating Adjective Clauses These three guidelines should help you decide when to set off an adjective clause (also called a relative clause) with commas: Adjective clauses beginning with that are never set off from the main clause with commas. Food that has turned green in the refrigerator should be thrown away. Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should not be set off with commas if omitting the clause would change the basic meaning of the sentence. Students who turn green should be sent to the infirmary. Because we dont mean that all students should be sent to the infirmary, the adjective clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence. For this reason, we dont set off the adjective clause with commas.Adjective clauses beginning with who or which should be set off with commas if omitting the clause would not change the basic meaning of the sentence. Last weeks pudding, which has turned green in the refrigerator, should be thrown away. Here the which clause provides added but not essential information, and so we set it off from the rest of the sentence with commas. Practice in Punctuating Adjective Clauses In the following sentences, add commas to set off adjective clauses that provide additional, but not essential, information. Dont add commas if the adjective clause affects the basic meaning of the sentence. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. Caramel de Lites which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts contain 70 calories each.These are the times that try mens souls.I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.I left my son at the campus day-care center which is available to all full-time students with young children.Students who have young children are invited to use the free day-care center.A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of her patients.Gus who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed has been exiled to the storm cellar for a week.Professor Legree lost his only umbrella which he has owned for 20 years.Healthy people who refuse to work should not be given government assistance.Felix who was once a hunter in the Yukon stunned the roach with one blow from a newspaper. Answers to Adjective Clauses Questions Caramel de Lites, which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts, contain . . ..(no commas)(no commas)Â  . . . day-care center, which is available to all full-time students with young children.(no commas)(no commas)Gus, who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed, has . . ... . . umbrella, which he has owned for 20 years.(no commas)Felix, who was once a hunter in the Yukon, stunned . . ..

Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sports - Essay Example In his Sport: A Cultural History, Richard Mandell leads the reader through the history of sports and really gets at the core of what makes sports such a quintessentially human activity and enterprise. For the Greeks, for example, sports were a time for ritual and pageantry. They set their calendars according to the various sporting events that they loved so much. Sports and sporting events were inherently tied to religious practice and offerings to the gods would be made at the various Olympic games. Indeed, the Olympics began as a way of honouring the important gods whom the Greeks loved so much. Athletes were worshipped as paragons of physical beauty and power and their deeds were written about in epic poems. Indeed, some athletes were even seen as human gods and were worshipped by their followers. There was of course an additional element to the athletic prowess, as Mandell clearly indicates in his fine book: Athletic talent, potential or proved, was a precious commodity in the economic and political commerce of Greece. Established or promising athletes were therefore worth nurturing. The superior athlete, then, functioned in a quasi-sacred atmosphere, his performances ritualistically arranged and reverentially viewed. The awesome semi-divine status given the victor . . . has never been equalled subsequently. (53) Mandell's book was written in 1984, before the rise of celebrity cult that surrounds many athletes today. Just as in the ancient world a cult would develop around a god or a goddess, so today many athletes have thousands of fans. In the past, gods and saints would have icons-today fans cover themselves in logos and put posters on the wall. There are a lot of similarities between gods and athletes in today's contemporary world. So while athletes such as David Beckham and Alex Rodriguez may not literally be considered divine in today's world, they certainly do occupy a position of significant power and fame-more so than nearly anyone else on the planet. They are often involved with beautiful women, fast cars, and advertising campaigns. They make tens of millions of dollars and can do virtually anything they like. Indeed, it is fair to say that in today's world the culture of sports celebrity has never been so vibrant. We truly live in unique times. In the 20th century sports have been about celebrity, but they have also been about politics too. This is another important point made by Mandell in his book. He compares the rivalries between Communist countries and capitalist countries throughout the last one hundred years. He shows how much governments and people invested in their athletes as representatives of their political ideologies and their nationalist hopes. Sports was in a way an extension of war by other means. The Soviet Union especially is an interesting case study in the subject. Mandell writes: There was no indigenous sports tradition acceptable for the vast empire of many cultures, so the Soviets adopted all those sports that since 1896 had been steadily integrated into the Olympic program. The thorough recruiting of potential stars, the scientific investigation of principles of movement and performance, the refinement of apparatus and training that had characterized American and then Japanese and Nazi sport were pushed much further. Fitness exercises were introduced at all levels of education and even on the job. (265) Sports for the Soviets were politics. Sports were international prestige and a

Global Economic Environment and Marketing Essay - 2

Global Economic Environment and Marketing - Essay Example The changes that have taken place in the world economy have led to the replacement of the traditional trade methods by capital movements. It can be observed that the global economy has given the local economies only a subordinate role in the market operations (Kotler et al., 2012). Economic systems have changed from what was traditionally known to new systems, which have taken into consideration the areas that are affected by globalization. The areas considered in modern economic systems include governance in various countries operating in the global market, capital and trade flows, hierarchy of command in terms of transport and communication, services funded through taxes and many others (Masterton &Pickton, 2004).The field of marketing in the global economy has experienced dynamic changes as well. Therefore, companies operating in the global economy should put into consideration these aspects and employ changes that fit the requirement of marketing in the modem global economy. The report will focus on McDonald, which is a multinational corporation operating in the fast food industry and supplying millions of customers across the world. (Solomon, 2009). The Macdonald Company has established its branches in almost all countries of the world. In this regard, the company experiences varied economic challenges and opportunities in different countries. With the current world economic state, the developing countries are struggling to better their economic status (Drummond et al., 2003).. In this case, the McDonald company experiences reduced economic gains in the developing countries compared to the developed nations. Another challenge that faces MacDonald Company in the global economy is the stiff competition in the developed economies. In this regard, it can be witnessed that operating in the international markets requires outstanding skills and knowledge since it involves dealing with high-level risk. Essentially, operating in a

Electronic Health Records - Has the Affordable Care Act, Meaningful Term Paper

Electronic Health Records - Has the Affordable Care Act, Meaningful use and incentives helped Where are we with EHR compliance Meaningful Use - Term Paper Example or Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) have also been implemented to achieve some positive progress in the United States of America with regard to healthcare delivery. These programs and reforms cost the United States government a lot of taxpayer money, sometimes going up to tens or hundreds of billions of dollars. The important question that must be answered with regard to these reforms is whether they are effective and whether they really do lead to better healthcare (Copeland, 2011). Past performance such as in the Medicaid and Medicare indicates that the success rate may be low. The low success rate may be indicated by the fact that these reforms such as Medicaid and Medicare end up being scrapped off due to poor performance. The affordable care act is a health reform legislation that has led to many controversies in the United States. The implementation of the reform is estimated to cost billions of US dollars. The purpose and intention of this act was to ensure that the cost of health insurance was lowered while at the same time improving healthcare to the many people who could not afford health insurance (Schreiber, 2011). It was geared towards reducing the rates of non-coverage and this would be helpful in making sure that healthcare in the United States was equalized for all, poor and rich. The act is still under implementation in the United States and it is estimated to be fully implemented by the year 2020. Reports indicate that the affordable healthcare act has made it possible to minimize the number of uninsured people in the United States from about 18 percent to about 15 percent (Foster, 2010). This is a significant figure considering that it has not been fully implemented yet. However, the pr oblem is with regard to how this act relates to other health reforms such as the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, the question that must be answered as to how these two acts relate with each other and how they support,

Debates On Mercy Killings

Debates On Mercy Killings If a Wife kills her Husband because of the pain he is in from his medical problems. Do you think that she should be charged with manslaughter, homicide, or any other charge acquitted to death of another human being? I say she should. Should euthanasia be legalized in our country? This is indeed a question often discussed in community. In some countries like Holland, its already allowed, while the German politicians cant stop discussing about it over and over again. Both states could argue with several statements and their opinions about it, but which of them would be correct? Is there even a right decision? First of all, euthanasia, also called mercy killing, is the act of putting a person or animal to death painlessly or allowing it to die, as by withholding extreme medical measures, when its suffering from an incurable, especially a painful, disease or condition. In other words, if a person is death-ill or otherwise has lost his will to live, doctors are allowed to end the patients life if theyre requested/allowed so by the person. Should the patient be unable to make the decision himself, his/her family has to decide if they want to continue with medical treatment or not. If an animal is suffering from an incurable disease or condition, the owner has to decide about its fate. There are several forms of euthanasia: Voluntary euthanasia is the form of euthanasia conducted with the patients permission. Involuntary euthanasia is conducted without the explicit consent of the individual concerned and means that an individual makes a decision for another person incapable of doing so. Both voluntary and involuntary euthanasia can be conducted passively or actively. Passive euthanasia entails the withholding of common treatments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life. The administration of increasingly necessary, although toxic doses of Opioid is regarded as a passive measure. Active euthanasia on the other hand is the conducting of life-limiting measures on the basis of the actual or presumed wish of a person and is also called assisted suicide. Except for the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, it is prohibited worldwide. Although euthanasia may not be a common and appreciated topic for daily-life, one can still find a lot of reasonings for and against it after a little research. One of the most popular arguments to forbid (active) euthanasia is the question how it can be decided whether a patient is beyond any hope to heal or not. Even if the possibility of recovering is only up to a minimum, some people would refuse to end their loved-ones life before time and rather waited for time and medicines to take care of the injury/disease if theyre not entirely sure that theres no change of betterment. And most important, what if the concerned person is no longer able to decide for himself? Who would be able to take the burden of ending a family members life? The guilt of having done something like that would surely shatter everyones mind, so its far easier to just wait and watch things develop. Not to mention that it would be a violation of the Bibles laws. As it is clearly written in the Ten Commandments, Exodus 20: 2-17, the sixth commandment says: You shall not murder. And isnt murder defined as killing of another human being with intent ? So what is euthanasia but murder? Adding to that, it can also be said that there had been cases in Holland where doctors conducted both passive and active euthanasia at their patients without permission. And that cannot be allowed in our state. But of course, there wouldnt be a contra without a pro. In fact, all of the listed arguments above not to legalize euthanasia can be negated. As a first addition, euthanasia is only conducted in really incurable cases, not after a simple car-accident where one has broken his leg and believes to suffer greatly, but more in cases where the patient can only be kept alive with great medical treatment, maybe even attached to a machine, having lost all power or abilities to take care of himself. If one is not aware of how much pain this inflicts on both the body and the mind of the concerned person, he can hardly understand how much of a release it would be for them to be allowed to let go. Especially old or handicapped people feel like a burden for their family. As long as one is able to decide for himself, he has the right to determine what shall happen with him, this also including the right to end his life. And it would at least happen under medical observation, painlessly, which is really good. Just imagine, for example, your paralyzed uncle would want to end his life, but was not allowed to assign for it in a hospital, ending up directing his wheel-chair to the nearest stairs in his desperation at full speed. No, nobody wants this to happen, do they? Then let them finally fall asleep and dont disturb them. Death belongs to the flow of life just as well as life itself, it cant be stopped, no matter how much we sometimes crave for it to change. I know, its hardly believable, but releasing a concerned family member is also a relief for the rest of the family. Of course there will be a lot of sorrow, but they will soon notice that is had been entirely to his best. Another aspect is that you cant let someone else suffer through great pain just because of your morals and your religion. Really, atheists wont care a bit if it was against your gods word to kill another person, because, stuck in unbearable pain, it simply doesnt matter to them. Every person has his own definition of right and wrong, so forcing someone else to follow your completely different ways would be the real crime. As for the abuse of legalized mercy-killing in the Netherlandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Well, sadly but true, thats how our world functions. There will always be abuses of any kinds of rules, and there will never be a time when mankind decides to stop eating itself away. Were like that. I dont like it either, but we cant just ignore it. Finally, I would like to clarify that I neither fully favor nor forbid euthanasia because I can very well understand both sides of the argumentation. My personal opinion is that everyone should talk to their loved-ones to plan out what should happen in case of such an emergency, so that it will later be clear whether the person wants to live on or not.

Heat transfer of nanofluids in turbulent pipe flow :: Technology, Nanofluids

Heat transfer of nanoparticle suspensions in turbulent pipe flow is studied theoretically. The main idea upon which this work is based is that nanofluids behave more like singlephase fluids than like conventional solidï€ ­liquid mixtures. This assumption implies that all the convective heat transfer correlations available in the literature for single-phase flows can be extended to nanoparticle suspensions, provided that the thermophysical properties appearing in them are the nanofluid effective properties calculated at the reference temperature. In this regard, two empirical equations, based on a wide variety of experimental data reported in the literature, are used for the evaluation of the nanofluid effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity. Conversely, the other effective properties are computed by the traditional mixing theory. The novelty of the present study is that the merits of nanofluids with respect to the corresponding base liquid are evaluated in terms of global energetic performance, and not simply by the common point of view of the heat transfer enhancement. Both cases of constant pumping power and constant heat transfer rate are investigated for different operating conditions, nanoparticle diameters, and solidï€ ­liquid combinations. The fundamental result obtained is the existence of an optimal particle loading for either maximum heat transfer at constant driving power or minimum cost of operation at constant heat transfer rate. In particular, for any assigned combination of solid and liquid phases, it is found that the optimal concentration of suspended nanoparticles increases as the nanofluid bulk temperature is increased, the Reynolds number of the base fluid is increased, and the length-to-diameter ratio of the pipe is decreased, while it is practically independent of the nanoparticle diameter. The usual design requirements for modern heat transfer equipment are reduced size and high thermal performance. In this connection, in the past decades a considerable research effort has been dedicated to the development of advanced methods for heat transfer enhancement, such as those relying on new geometries and configurations, and those based on the use of extended surfaces and/or turbulators. On the other hand, according to a number of studies executed in recent times, a further important contribution may derive by the replacement of traditional heat transfer fluids, such as water, ethylene glycol and mineral oils, with nanofluids, i.e., colloidal suspensions of nano-sized solid particles, whose effective thermal conductivity has been demonstrated to be higher than that of the corresponding pure base liquid. The main results of prior work on pipe flow, that is undoubtedly one of the most investigated topics in the field of convection in nanofluids, clearly show that nanoparticle suspensions offer better thermal performance than the base liquids at same Reynolds number, and that heat transfer increases with increasing the nanoparticle

Employment and Unemployment

The employment rate means the number of people that is presently employed divided by the population of working age. Unemployment is a situation where labour force participants are avaible, willing to work and actively looking for a job but are unable to find any jobs. Labor force is defined as the people above the age of 16 and older who are employed or are actively seeking employment. Unemployment rate can be calculated by dividing the number of unemployed with the labor force.Changes in unemployment depend mostly on inflows made up of non-employed people starting to look for jobs, of employed people who lose their jobs and look for new ones and of people who stop looking for employment. The cause of unemployment in Malaysia varies. There are four types of unemployments, which include cyclical unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment and seasonal unemployment. Cyclical unemnployment of Malaysia happens when there is lack of jobs due to the downswing in a busine ss cycle or a recession.Due to this economy declines, the number of job layoffs crossways the world is rising extremely. The International Labor Organization affirmed that up to 51 million jobs worldwide could be eliminated due to the recession. Malaysia is no exception. Normally with an unemployment rate of 2% to 2. 5%, could rise to 4. 5% in that particular year. Since January 2009 about 10,000 Malaysians have been jobless. Another problem that causes the increasing of unemployment rate of Malaysia is that there are so many new job seekers each and every year.Research shows that every year there are 600,000 new job seekers in Malaysia. This is when the frictional unemployment happens which people are in between jobs, entering and reentering the labor force. For example when people quit their jobs for a better position or higher wages or when fresh graduates are actively seeking for jobs. Even though these people are not working, but they are counted as part of the labor force beca use they are searching for jobs.It is stated that structural unemployment is when jobs are available but the unemployed does not have the skills to fill these jobs. In Malaysia, the case is quite the opposite. There are many highly-qualified candidates, but they are too embarrassed to take on low-paying jobs, although a local spokesperson says that ‘job seekers should accept whatever job positions they can get’. That would decrease the number of people seeking jobs, which would decrease unemployment based on frictional and structural unemployment. Seasonal unemployment takes place hen seasonal variations happens during the activities of particular industries caused by climatic changes, changes in fashions or by the intrinsic nature of such industries. In Malaysia, there are a lot of opportunities in the plantation sector. With the typical weather of Malaysia, people in the plantation sector are able to grow crops all year round. Nonetheless, seasonal unemployment still takes place. For example, the sugar industry is seasonal in the sense that the crushing of sugar-cane is done only in a particular season. Such seasonal industries are bound to give rise to seasonal unemployment.

Understanding Informal Speak Gonna and Wanna

Understanding Informal Speak Gonna and Wanna Wanna and gonna are two examples of informal spoken American English. Wanna means want to, and gonna means going to. Youll hear these phrases in movies, pop music and other forms of entertainment, although you are less likely to hear them in more formal shows, like the news. These two expressions are not generally used in written English but in spoken English. Wanna and gonna are examples of reductions. Reductions are short, commonly used phrases that are spoken quickly. These reductions tend to be used for function words such as auxiliary verbs. It is important to remember that there are  differences in American English and British English pronunciation. British English also has its own exceptions in pronunciation.   There are different views on whether students should use this type of pronunciation. In my opinion, students who live in North America should at least be familiar with these forms as they will hear them every day. If students decide to use this pronunciation, they should remember that it is appropriate only for informal spoken English and should not be used (except for texting, perhaps) in written English. Reductions in Questions The most common reductions are found at the beginning of questions. Heres a list of important reductions with the pronunciation written out to help you learn to recognize them in everyday American English. To begin with, listen to this reduction pronunciation sound file of the most common questions. Are you ...? aryaCan you ...? kinyaCould you ...? kudjaWould you ...? wudjaDid you ...? didjaDo you ...? dojaDont you ...? donchaWill you ...? wiljaDo you want to ...? doyawannaAre you going to ...? aryagonnaDo you have to ...? dijahafta Focus on the Main Verb If you choose to use reductions, it is important to focus on the main verb in the question to correctly pronounce using reductions. In other words, we quickly speak over the reduced forms (are you, could you, etc.) and stress the main verb. Listen to these example reduced questions to hear how the main verb is stressed. Are you ...? arya Are you enjoying yourself?Are you going to help me tonight? Can you ...? kinya Can you say that again?Can you understand me? Could you ...? kudja Could you help me?Could you visit next month? Would you ...? wudja Would you like to have dinner?Would you answer my question? Did you ...? didja Did you see him?Did you buy it? Do you ...? dija Do you play tennis?Do you eat fish? Dont you ...? doncha Dont you love it?Dont you understand? Will you ...? wilja Will you come with me?Will you finish tonight? Do you want to ...? diyawanna Do you want to have fun?Do you want to eat out? Are you going to ...? aryagonna Are you going to leave?Are you going to have lunch? Do you have to ...? dijahafta Do you have to stay?Do you have to work today? Gotta and Wanna Two of the most common reductions are gotta and wanna. Gotta is the reduction of got to. Its rather strange because its use means have to. In other words, in informal American English I got to get up early means I have to get up early. This is then further reduced to I gotta get up early. Wanna means want to and is used to indicate the desire to do something. For example, I wanna go home. means I want to go home. A synonymous expression is also I would like to go home. However, this form is much more formal.

Free Essays on Effect Of Creatine on the Human Body

The combination of its popularity and the public's lack of knowledge about creatine has lead to several misunderstandings and misperceptions. Overshadowed by its dynamic strength gaining capabilities, creatine’s negative effects can hinder an athlete’s well being for life. Chevreul, a French scientist, discovered creatine in 1832. Since it’s unearthing, it has fascinated scientists with it’s integral role in skeletal muscle metabolism. A natural substance found in the body, creatine plays a very important part in energy production and muscle contractions (Lipsid N.P.). Recently, creatine supplementation has exploded onto the sports scene, attracting athletes with the amazing results that it has produced. Some of those results include: more powerful muscle contractions, increased explosiveness, faster muscle recovery, less fatigue, increased muscle size, and increased weight gain (Lipsid N.P.). These factors and more are the reasons why creatine has become the most researched supplement on the market today. Through various research methods, scientists have come to discover that creatine is an essential and natural substance required for energy metabolism and muscle movement. Deficiencies of the substance can lead to certain physical muscular disorders which can be fatal in humans and animals. The human body synthesizes creatine from three amino acids which include glycine, arganine, and methionine. These amino acids are components of protein. In humans, the enzymes involved in the synthesis of creatine are located in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Creatine is produced in any of these organs and then transported to the muscle through the bloodstream. Approximately 95% of the total creatine pool in your body is stored in the skeletal muscle tissue. The other five percent can be found in the heart, brain, and testes (Gutfield 90). The total creatine pool refers to the amount of creatine... Free Essays on Effect Of Creatine on the Human Body Free Essays on Effect Of Creatine on the Human Body The combination of its popularity and the public's lack of knowledge about creatine has lead to several misunderstandings and misperceptions. Overshadowed by its dynamic strength gaining capabilities, creatine’s negative effects can hinder an athlete’s well being for life. Chevreul, a French scientist, discovered creatine in 1832. Since it’s unearthing, it has fascinated scientists with it’s integral role in skeletal muscle metabolism. A natural substance found in the body, creatine plays a very important part in energy production and muscle contractions (Lipsid N.P.). Recently, creatine supplementation has exploded onto the sports scene, attracting athletes with the amazing results that it has produced. Some of those results include: more powerful muscle contractions, increased explosiveness, faster muscle recovery, less fatigue, increased muscle size, and increased weight gain (Lipsid N.P.). These factors and more are the reasons why creatine has become the most researched supplement on the market today. Through various research methods, scientists have come to discover that creatine is an essential and natural substance required for energy metabolism and muscle movement. Deficiencies of the substance can lead to certain physical muscular disorders which can be fatal in humans and animals. The human body synthesizes creatine from three amino acids which include glycine, arganine, and methionine. These amino acids are components of protein. In humans, the enzymes involved in the synthesis of creatine are located in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. Creatine is produced in any of these organs and then transported to the muscle through the bloodstream. Approximately 95% of the total creatine pool in your body is stored in the skeletal muscle tissue. The other five percent can be found in the heart, brain, and testes (Gutfield 90). The total creatine pool refers to the amount of creatine...

The irony of life is that it takes a life time to learn about life Essay

The irony of life is that it takes a life time to learn about life - Essay Example Consider the example of a businessperson who puts their business before everything else, they spend or their time working, ignore their family and probably end up in terrible health since they hardly ever made time to take care of their health. Like many wealth people with his characteristics, the richer he gets the more self-entered he becomes (Grewal 1). Thirty years down the line, the same individual, is contemplating his vast business empire from his deathbed with no one to visit him expect those interested in inheriting his wealth. His critical health and poor social relations result to his being alone in his last hours, and he realizes that, the most important thing in this life is not how much money you make, but how you use it to change your life and others for the better. A clichà ©, but nonetheless, a common moral lesson that has taken him a lifetime to learn, and when he finally gets it, he has no life left in which to practice it. Considering this analogy and many similar ones that can be drawn from life the irony of it all becomes clear, stuff takes a lifetime to learn, but that is all the time anyone

Budgeting Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Budgeting Process - Essay Example Due to increasing industrialisation the environmental problems are also increasing, it is affecting the climate, bio-diversity and the ecosystem of the planet. Therefore there is an immediate need of budget modernisation for sustainable development. If it's not achieved then it might have adverse effects on shareholders values because firms neglecting the rules may be closed or fined severely. b) Feasibility study is an important phase in the development process. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of outcomes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. c) According to consumer modernisation the solution to some sort of crisis can be found in more production, more modernity and more industrialisation. Rather than more production consumer modernization purports on different industrialisation and production. This is termed as more -as-different approach. In the present markets the production is more that result in the increase in economy and thus maintaining overall consumption low and sustainable. Thus we could say that consumption is dematerialised. Though the present world is turning towards e shopping still some of us like to prefer the old ways of purchasing things like jewellery, cars, etc. d) Let's take the case of United Kingdom and its... Unemployment was on rise and there was no perfect system to maintain law and order between the EU countries. There was chaos all the time. The post war era was the beginning of expansion in the trade sector. The benefits do not come that easily. Treating those who hurt by trade, equitably a difficult public policy issue. The important issues that were to deal with are controlling the rapid growth of trade deficit, high inflation rate and soaring prices of crude oil. The post war era has seen a rapid expansion in trade and accordingly the economic and political structure has experienced steady and substantial growth. Gaining profits from trade depends on individual economic behaviour. Instead of building own automobiles, manufacturing own goods, producing own food, it is better to manufacture goods in which they have specialisation and trade them for other goods that are required. This thought made the UK a leading exporting country in international trade. The most surprising thing is that the total UK imports amount to only about 12 percent of the country's GDP. International trade brings rich dividends and imposing restrictions to such exchanges will hinder the further improvement and in realising the true gains from trade. Protectionism is the factor that's becoming hindrance to international trade. e) In the context of budget process jobs were created and destroyed as well. Creation and destruction of jobs depends on comparative advantages and disadvantages. Cutting of jobs does not have any net loss on the economy further more it improves the living standard and raises the economy. It is known truth that international trade has positive and negative effects. The wages

Strategy Development And Implementation Term Paper

Strategy Development And Implementation - Term Paper Example This report stresses that the specific chapter of the book Art of War refers to a critical issue regarding a battle: the tactical disposition. The term tactical disposition incorporates two elements: securing that there is no risk of defeat from enemy, trying to identify a chance for defeating the enemy. The specific chapter highlights the importance of alternative techniques for developing a battle. This paper makes a conclusion that the identification of appropriate tactics for securing the effectiveness of a strategic business plan can be a challenging task. Moreover, it has been proved that the ability of strategic planners to identify and evaluate appropriately all risks related to a particular plan is not standardized. In fact, it seems that each strategic planner uses a different approach for evaluating business needs. In this way, most business plans are often exposed to high risks, a problem that it is usually revealed with a significant delay, when the potentials for resolving the relevant problem are limited. The use of existing theoretical models for developing effective business plans can be a method for securing the success of these plans. The views of Sun Tzu, as included in his book Art of War, would be a valuable theoretical framework of such kind. Even if the above book refers to military strategy, its involvement in business planning cannot be rejected. As prov ed above, the specific book can help strategic planners in increasing the effectiveness of their plans, either in the short or the long term.

Year of Wonder Explores the Complexity Essay Example for Free

Year of Wonder Explores the Complexity Essay Year of Wonder explores the complexity of human nature and the consequences of human actions â€Å"He brought the wide world with him† Anna Frith admires George Viccars for being well-travelled but does not realise that he has brought not only his knowledge of the world but also the perils of disease with him. Silhouetted against the sepulchral backdrop of the blighted Eyam, Geraldine Brooks depicts a community caught in extraordinary times in her historical novel â€Å"Year of Wonder†. The novel conveys the complications and ramifications of human nature and human actions, interwoven with the cultural value of religion and beliefs in addition to the social value of trust. Brooks illustrates that the nature suspect and distrust has stemmed from the Plague, as well as the fact that to a degree, all humans have similar nature. Whilst some responded positively to these catastrophic turn of events, others suffered server negative impact to this result of human action. The similarities in nature between characters are evident in the novel. Through the first person narrative of Anna Frith, readers are invited to see the whole story from her perspective and insights on her own life and personality. As the intricacies of the plot unfolds, we began to see that, indeed, Anna was lost in an abyss of pain and suffering, yet in response to it, she has grown strong, no longer a child â€Å"to quail at terrors†. Since our first glimpse at her, Anna has proven herself to be a capable care-taker. Although her role is Michael Mompellion’s servant is quite circumscribed, she always goes beyond the restrict scopes of her duties in attempting to coax him out of his melancholia. She often takes on a mothering role towards Michael, as she says â€Å"treating him as if he was my child†. In result of her actions towards Mompellion, she saw the need to nurture others, even motherless child or plagued victims. As those around her starts to shrug off their responsibilities, Anna begin to shoulder more burdens then running a household and bringing solace to the afflicted. Just like Anna, Elinor Mompellion possesses a â€Å"sinewy mind† with a â€Å"driving energy†. She is a well-educated woman, whom, when first mentioned in the novel, is educating Anna on how to read. Elinor does not respect the division between â€Å"weak and strong, between men and woman, laborer and lord†, as Anna recalls â€Å"she never reminded me of my place (as a servant)†. Hence, the author’s ability to depict the complexity of human nature is evident in the novel as the personalities of characters are, to an extent, similar from each other. One of the fatal effects of the plague is that it breeds the human nature of mutual suspicion and distrust. It is possible that the plague is merely exacerbating tensions already present with in the village but it does so to an unprecedented degree. Thus, certain individuals of a somewhat antisocial and self-serving bent find their actions and inclinations magnified by the advent of the Plague. Josiah Bont, who is Anna’s abusive father, becomes a gravedigger, willing to pursue homicide as a stimulus to his profits; his wife, Aphra, shamelessly exploits the anxieties of her fellow villagers for monetary gain by pretending to be the ghost of the deceased Anys Gowdie. In what is, perhaps, a less culpable fashion, David Burton seizes the opportunity to advance his own interest at the expense of Merry Wickord, whose family mine has been left open to claim by the death of her parents. Instances such as these suggest that Michael Mompellion’s assertion that â€Å"the Plague will make heroes of us all†, however optimistic, is not well founded. Even more strikingly, the readiness of the villagers to turn against Mem and Anys Gowdie, whose service as healers have been much in demand, indicates that the plague deepens the rifts already exists in the community. As Jon Millstone comments, there is a grave danger that the time â€Å"will make monsters of us all†. Therefore it is the villagers own nature which acts as the catalyst for further tragic events. The onslaught of the plague has scarred numerous villagers in Eyam. As the plague creeps further into the village, people who begin to face corruption as they undergo catastrophic changes are omnipresent throughout the novel. Ever since the plague arrived, the villagers did not see it as an act of nature, but rather as a curse, as they are blinded by their own beliefs, relaying on superstition and living in the false reality of religion. In result, they saw the tailor, George Vicars, as the Devil and the architect of the plague. There for, they believed that Anys, who slept with George, as a witch and killed her. This was the first response to the crisis, a response of fear and panicking, as the villagers looking for a scapegoat for the cause of this problem. As Anna suffers the loss of both of her sons, she begins to seek comfort in the graveyard. She also begins to question â€Å"how can the just and merciful God take the life of innocents†. Soon after she became addicted to opiates and going as far as to stealing them, thus giving us insights on Anna’s weakness and the first crack in her religion. Others who are desperate in seeking sanctuary in such times also turned their backs on religion as they trust in the ‘ghost of Anys Gowdie’, who offers them demonic rituals, charms and spells in return for money. It is evident that in this novel, the certain characters walked the wrong path from desperation and resulted in unpredicted results. It is apparent however, that although the plague decayed the mind of almost the entire village, there are still those who fought for what they believed in and survived the corruption. After the arrival of the plague, it was always Mompellion who stands in front of the villagers and convincing in an optimistic tone that â€Å"trust in God to perform his wonders†. Such speech is the signpost the beginning to his leadership, which has also planted the seeds of discord between superstition and faith. His usage of God and trust are an obvious plot to influence the townspeople to trust and believe him. Through all the disorder, unexpected alliances are made. Mompelion confers with Puritan Thomas Stanley, a Purtian who quitted the parish three years ago. Thus showing that in times of crisis, religious differences can be overcome to unify for greater cause of human survival. Anna has encountered countless barrages alone the path, however because of her work and friend ship with Elinor, she was also able to rise from the adversity. After she discovers the truth about him and Elinor, she stands up to Mompellion as well as the Bradfords, thus breaking the social structure. Because of the plague, Anna metaphorically transformed from a simple, uneducated girl to a powerful, formidable woman. She escaped from her past and is able to create a promising future for herself and her children. Therefore, it can be said that a beacon of juxtaposition shines between those who survive and those who don’t, allowing the readers to see the different outcomes. In essences, the plague itself does not produce heroes or monsters, unity or division. It only amplifies the human natures which individuals already possess, in addition to the similarities and differences in nature between characters. Hence, there are those who like Anna, can emerge from the experience of the plague and responded with positive actions, and those that reached a breaking point in such times and suffered consequences as a result. The plague symbolises a test, just like in a furnace in which all must be melted to find the pure metal.

Globalisation :: miscellaneous

Globalisation Globalisation is a term, which has invoked extensive academic debate over its impact and credibility, giving rise to a number of perspectives harboured by their respective scholars. Resulting from this division is a lack of universal acceptance towards a single definition beyond broad descriptions such as increased global interconnectedness.† Hence in order to gain an understanding of the phenomena it is necessary to distinguish between its two major forms, and the various agents involved. Nationalism In The Global VillageINTRODUCTIONWith the dawning of the information age there has been a shrinking of relative distances between people and places all over the world. With an increase in international communication comes an increase in cultural sharing. Cultures all over the planet reflect influences of neighboring cultures and other international trading partners. As these and many other factors work towards creating a global village many people are baffled by the increase in nationalism. Nationalism is a highly emotional phenomenon and as such is very unpredictable. Nationalism is far beyond its peak and the current rise is likely only an indicator of the transitional stage of globalization.GLOBAL VILLAGEToday it is common to here the term "global village" used in every day conversation. It is also common to here someone say, "What the hell is the global village?" The global village is the idea that the world and its people form an interconnected social whole, a village of common interests and concerns, linked by global communication, media, and rapid international transportation. The global village has emerged via the birth of the information age. Technological advances have continually stretched the bounds of our communication abilities and by using improving cellular phone technology or the Internet any individual can interact with another individual from a completely different culture. Since it is so easy and affordable to engage in these cross-cultural experiences, more and more people have been doing so. Cross-cultural exchanges often rise from or result in common interests or concerns developing. For example, international companies have a vested interest in the economies of the various countries in which they conduct business. The stronger the economies the better business will be. This is the sort of common interest and concern that the global village encompasses. All cultures are continually evolving and the information age has increased the ability of one culture to influence another culture. As all cultures begin to adopt features of other cultures the population of the planet begins to develop a homogenous culture.

Creativity in Adulthood :: Creative Creativity Essays

Creativity in Adulthood Creativity is a concept surrounded by a number of beliefs and misconceptions. People believe it is limited to only a few; it declines seriously with age; and it is associated primarily with uniqueness or innovation or "artists" (Adams-Price 1998; McCormick and Plugge 1997; Runco 1996). However, research shows that creative thinking is a universal ability that can help adults manage satisfying lives and that is increasingly in demand in the workplace. This Digest reviews some of this research in order to identify ways to help adults discover and fulfill their creative potential. Nature or Nurture? What is creativity? Torrance's definition is often cited: sensitivity to problems, deficiencies, and gaps in information; making guesses, formulating hypotheses; evaluating and testing; and communicating results (McCracken 1998). Creativity is a complex of traits, skills, and capacities, including the ability to work autonomously, curiosity, unconventional thinking, openness to experience, and tolerance of ambiguity (Adams-Price 1998; Albert 1996). Highly creative adults exhibit deep knowledge of and a strong bond with their subject matter, as well as intrinsic motivation (Amabile 1996; Keegan 1996). Creativity research has focused on personality traits of creative individuals (Amabile 1996). This emphasis has led to the assumptions that creativity is largely innate or immutable and creative people are distinct from noncreative people. Recently, more attention is being paid to social and environmental factors that influence creativity. Newer definitions describe creativity as the confluence of cognitive processes, knowledge, thinking style, personality, motivation, and environment over the life span (Adams-Price 1998; Sasser-Coen 1993). It is also associated with the creation of meaning and the drive for psychic wholeness ("Creativity in Later Life" 1991), a way to address and resolve dissatisfactions and improve the quality of life (Adams-Price 1998), and a "profound response to the limits and uncertainties of existence" ("Creativity in Later Life" 1991, p. 9). For some people, creativity is an adaptive, innovative response to environmental sources of distress such as early deat h of a parent or other family problems, misfortunes, or conflicts (Adams-Price 1998; Albert 1996), whereas in other people the coping mechanisms might be substance abuse, depression, or withdrawal (McCormick and Plugge 1997). A growing body of research is examining how environmental factors affect the creativity of men and women in different ways. For many women, creative expression is limited by their education and training, cultural standards, lack of social support, and traditional gender expectations. Pohlman (1996) finds that, for men, creative identity is balanced by the experience of parenthood; for women, the two roles conflict.

Mitchell Juliet

from A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology http://www. unizar. es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography. html by Jose Angel Garcia Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain) Juliet Mitchell Works Mitchell, Juliet. Woman's Estate. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971. _____. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud, Rank, Laing, and Women. New York: Random House, 1974. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975. _____. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis.London: Allen Lane; New York: Vintage, 1974. London: Penguin, 1990. _____. â€Å"From the Feminine to the Female. † TLS 1 July 1977: 798. _____. â€Å"On Freud and the Distinction between the Sexes. † In Mitchell, Women, The Longest Revolution. New York: Pantheon, 1984. _____. â€Å"Psychoanalysis: A Humanist Humanity or a Linguistic Science? † In Women: The Longest Revolution. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984. _____. â€Å"The Question of Femininity and the Theory of Ps ychoanalysis. † In Mitchell, Women: The Longest Revolution. New York: Pantheon, 1984. 95-313. _____. â€Å"The Question of Femininity and the Theory of Psychoanalysis. † In. Psychoanalysis and woman: A Reader. Ed. Shelley Saguaro. Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000. _____. Women: The Longest Revolution. Essays in Feminism, Literature and Psychoanalysis. New York: Pantheon; London: Virago, 1984. _____. La liberacion de la mujer: la larga lucha. (Cuadernos Anagrama, 100). Barcelona: Anagrama. _____. â€Å"Femininity, Narrative and Psychoanalysis. † In M. Eagleton 1986: 100-103. _____. â€Å"Femininity, Narrative and Psychoanalysis. In Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader. Ed. David Lodge. London: Longman, 1988. 425-30. * _____. â€Å"Siamese Twins at Odds. † Rev. of Freudians and Feminists. By Edith Kurzweil. TLS 31 May 1996: 12. * _____, ed. The Selected Melanie Klein. Ed. Juliet Mitchell. 1986. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991. Mitchell, Juliet, and Jacqueline Rose , eds. Feminine Sexuality. By Jacques Lacan and the ecole freudienne. Trans. Jacqueline Rose. New York: Norton; London: Macmillan, 1982. Mitchell, Juliet, and Ann Oakley, eds. The Rights and Wrongs of Women.Harmondsworth, 1976. _____, eds. What Is Feminism? New York: Random House, 1986. Criticism Elliot, Patricia. â€Å"Juliet Mitchell, Jacqueline Rose, and the Defense of Sexual Difference. † In Elliot. From Mastery to Analysis: Theories of Gender in Psychoanalytic Feminism. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991. 71-98. * Watkins, Susan. â€Å"Psychoanalytic Feminism: Juliet Mitchell: Psychoanalysis and Feminism, Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, Margaret Atwood: Lady Oracle. In Watkins, Twentieth-Century Women Novelists: Feminist Theory into Practice. Houndmills: Macmillan, 2001. Edited works The Rights and Wrongs of Women: Goode, John. â€Å"Woman and the Literary Text. † In The Rights and Wrongs of Women. Ed. Juliet Mitch ell and Ann Oakley. Harmondsworth, 1976. 217-55. What Is Feminism? Cott, Nancy F. â€Å"Feminist Theory and Feminist Movements: The Past Before Us. † In What Is Feminism? Ed. Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley. New York: Random House, 1986.

The Smurfette Principle in the Modern Media Feminism Is over

The Smurfette Principle in the Modern Media Feminism Is over Coined by Katha Pollitt in the distant 1991, the term â€Å"Smurfette Principle† described the phenomenon of female characters existing in media for the sole purpose of being the male counterparts and having no identity other than that: â€Å"The message is clear. Boys are the norm, girls the variation; boys are central, girls peripheral; boys are individuals, girls types.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Smurfette Principle in the Modern Media: Feminism Is over? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Boys define the group, its story and its code of values. Girls exist only in relation to boys† (Pollitt, 1991, April 7, para. 4).Also known as a â€Å"token woman,† the given character originated from the attempts of the entertainment industry to market their product to a particular audience (Thompson Heinberg, 1999). However, despite the fact that the Smurfette principle is still applied towards mode rn media and especially film industry, considerable changes in the definition of the role of a female character have occurred, with the latter acquiring their own unique features outside of supplying color commentaries for the male characters, which can be traced in a number of present-day media specimens. One of the most obvious changes that have occurred to female characters in media and that seems to have the greatest impact on the destruction of the Smurfette Principle is that most of the female characters created in 2000s–2010s clearly have distinct personalities – in contrast to the ones of the 90s era, when a female character had a personality of a powder compact (Smith, 2008). Another obvious foot forward in promoting a less clichà ©d female character to younger audience is the fact that modern female leads do not need a male companion and often do not have one. The given feature of a â€Å"strong, independent† female character was launched by the creat ors of long-forgotten She-Ra franchise (Scheimer 1985–1986), where, though originally created as a counterpart to He-Man, the princess had a distinct personality, and her gender could be considered accidental. Although the number of female protagonists with their unique story arc and personality still seems quite little, the prevalence of female antagonists whose gender could be defined as accidental is stunning. Even the notorious The little mermaid, which Pollitt despised so much for providing an unbearably bland character with the most trivial motivations that a female protagonist can get, provides the audience with a unique and compelling evil female character. Ursula, though admittedly despicable, is much more compelling than Ariel, and her motivations are much more complex; the animators could have easily substituted her with a male character without changing a single line: â€Å"Come in. Come in, my child. We mustnt lurk in doorways. Its rude. One might question your upbringing† (Ashman, 1989, 0:39:17–0:39:25). Therefore, it can be assumed that the experience of writing negative female characters can be translated into creating unique female protagonists as well.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It must be admitted that the idea of splitting the characters into male protagonists and their female archetypes is extremely alluring for most of the present-day media companies. In fact, even the most gender neutral TV shows and cartoon series seem to recycle the same concept of a male lead and his shallow female counterpart. In fact, female characters are provided with a leading part quite rarely even nowadays, especially in TV shows and animated series, with several major exceptions which only seem to make the Smurfette Principle even stronger. Indeed, in a retrospective, the media targeted at children rarely features the shows in which a female protagonist plays just as important part as a male one. For instance, in 1990s and 2000s, most TV shows, such as Avatar (DiMartino, 2005–2008), had male leads, whereas all that girls were left with was My little pony (Faust, 2010). The 2010s, however, changed a lot. Such shows as Kim Possible (for teens) and Dora the Explorer (for younger audience) showed that female protagonists could exist and, more importantly, were not supposed to follow the formula of shallow female archetypes. What is even more surprising, these shows were targeted not primarily at boys, but largely at teens and kids, therefore, offering big gender neutral shows with a strong female lead, not to mention the famous and extremely well grossing â€Å"Avatar: The Legend of Korra† (with 4.5 rating, according to the Staff Writer (2013, November 14)). The process of redefining female characters in media, especially in the media designed for children, is taking place at a very slow pace at present, mostly because of the creators’ unwillingness to try something new in terms of female character development. The intentions of the people involved into the media industry are hardly malicious; instead, they seem to be careless towards the way in which media shapes children’s perception of reality. There are a few exceptions in the grand scheme, but for the most part, the Smurfette Principle seems to be affecting the evolution of a female character even nowadays, especially in children TV series and cartoons and mostly for the same reasons that it appears in the adult media. There seems to be a pattern of attitudes towards the media created by women and by men in that the latter are said to create the content for girls and women, while the latter are considered to be able to create content for both.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Smurfette Principle in the Modern Media: Feminism Is over? specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 2010s, however, have changed the cultural landscape of female characters, in children media specifically. It is remarkable that a number of movies that were released in 2010s have a female protagonist that often does not require a male counterpart and seems to be able to exist on her own. Taking Merida from Brave (2012) as an example one will see that she is the compelling female character that does not fit the Smurfette Principle at all; she even stands the Bechdel test, for that matter (Freedman, 2009). She interacts with male characters, yet marrying a prince is not her focus; true, she has suitors, but she prefers not to marry any of them at the end of the movie: â€Å"There are those who say fate is something beyond our command. That destiny is not our own, but I know better. Our fate lives within us, you only have to be brave enough to see it.† (Docter, Lasseter Stanton, 2012). The given movie is not the only example of female protagonists evolving into self-sufficient characters with their own unique story arcs. Although the process of changing the viewers’ idea of women in media, especially if these viewers are children, is not easy, it still has the potential, which more recent examples of portraying women in media show. Another obvious change to female characters in media, especially in media for children, is that the female protagonists are no longer needed to be portrayed as the lead character’s love interest or a â€Å"sidekick† – quite on the contrary, they get their own unique stories and develop authentic character traits that inform, but not define them (Michael et al., 2012). Synthesis The present-day media, especially media designed for children, still seems to suffer from the abuse of token female characters. However, the basic tendencies in the media industry are clearly geared towards redefining female characters. The recent media products in general and media products for children in particular are the exact manifestation of such tendencies, as the analysis of shows and movies above displays (Taylor, 2003). The creators of female characters in media have a number of complex and often contradictory tasks. On the one hand, they must create a female character, who is going to be authentic and will not be considered a bland attempt at recycling the character traits of the male protagonist. On the other hand, it is necessary to create the female character whose key features are not going to inform her gender and be attributed to both men and women; in other words, it is necessary to step away from stereotypical portrayal of women in media (Aina Cameron, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Assuming that female characters cannot evolve in the present-day media would be quite a stretch – as the recent movies and TV series for younger audience show, it is possible to write an interesting and compelling female protagonist. However, the introduction of such characters into popular media presupposes fighting a number of stereotypes. As it turns out, it is possible not to fall for the trope of a female archetype in movies and come up with a unique personality for a female protagonist. Therefore, it is only a matter of time and effort before a range of new and inspiring female characters appear in mass media in general and children media in particular. Reference List Aina, O. E. Cameron, P. A. (2011). Why does gender matter? Counteracting stereotypes with young children. Dimensions of Early Childhood, 39(3), 11–20. Ashman, H. (Executive Producer). (1989). The little mermaid [DVD]. Burbank, CA: Walt Disney Pictures. DiMartino, M. D. (2005–2008) . Avatar: The last airbender. Studio City, LA: Nicelodeon Animation Studio. Docter, P., Lasseter, J. Stanton, A. (2012). Brave [DVD]. Emeryville, CA: Pixar. Faust, L. (Executive Producer). (2010). My little pony. Vancouver: Studio B Productions. Freedman, A. (2009). Drawing on Modernism in Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home. Journal of Modern Literature, 32(4), 125-140. 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